What Is Sjögren's Syndrome
Living with persistent dryness, fatigue, or unexplained discomfort can disrupt daily routines and make simple tasks feel more difficult. Symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, or persistent tiredness can be easily dismissed as allergies, dehydration, or environmental irritation, which is one reason Sjögren’s syndrome often goes unrecognized early on.
Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder that interferes with the body’s ability to produce moisture. It may develop on its own or in conjunction with other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Recognizing how this condition affects the body can help you better understand your symptoms and know when it’s time for an evaluation.
What Is Sjögren’s Syndrome?
Sjögren’s syndrome occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks moisture-producing glands, most often the tear and salivary glands. As these glands become inflamed, they make less fluid, leading to symptoms such as:
Dry, gritty, or burning eyes
Dry mouth or difficulty swallowing dry foods
Trouble speaking for long periods
Changes in taste or difficulty chewing
Increased dental problems, such as tooth decay or oral infections
Because autoimmune activity can extend beyond the moisture glands, some people also develop joint pain, fatigue, numbness, skin changes, or symptoms affecting the lungs and kidneys. The condition affects an estimated 1–4 million U.S. adults and occurs more often in women over age 40.
Primary vs. Secondary Sjögren’s Syndrome
Primary and secondary Sjögren’s Syndrome are defined by whether the condition occurs on its own or alongside another autoimmune disease, which can influence both symptoms and overall management.
Primary Sjögren’s: Occurs without another autoimmune disease. Dry eyes and dry mouth dominate.
Secondary Sjögren’s: Develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, or autoimmune thyroid disease. These individuals may experience additional inflammation associated with the accompanying condition.
What Causes Sjögren’s Syndrome?
The exact cause is not fully understood, but research points to a combination of:
Genetics: Certain inherited traits can increase susceptibility to certain conditions.
Immune System Changes: The immune system mistakenly targets normal tissue.
Environmental Triggers: Some studies suggest that certain viral infections may act as triggers in genetically susceptible individuals, potentially contributing to the onset of autoimmune activity.
Hormonal Factors: The condition is far more common in women, suggesting a possible hormonal influence.
These factors can contribute, but anyone, regardless of whether they have a family history, can develop the condition.
Who Is Most Affected?
Sjögren’s syndrome can affect people of any age or background, but it is most commonly seen in:
Women between the ages of 40 and 60
People with a personal or family history of autoimmune disease
Individuals with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or autoimmune thyroid disease
Studies suggest that the average diagnostic delay for Sjögren’s syndrome is roughly 3–5 years, mainly because early signs are nonspecific and overlap with those of other conditions.
Recognizing Symptoms and When to Seek Care
Sjögren’s syndrome can cause symptoms that vary widely from person to person. Some involve moisture-producing glands, while others affect joints, nerves, or other organs.
Moisture-Related Symptoms
Dry, burning, or gritty eyes
Dry mouth or frequent thirst
Difficulty swallowing dry foods
Dry nasal passages, hoarseness, or a chronic sore throat
Recurrent dental issues
Joint and Systemic Symptoms
Achy or stiff joints
Fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest
Swelling in smaller joints
Skin rashes or sensitivity
Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
Vaginal dryness
Lung-related symptoms, such as a persistent cough
When to See a Rheumatologist
Consider evaluation if you encounter:
Persistent dry eyes or dry mouth
Joint pain or swelling
Fatigue alongside dryness or discomfort
Recurrent eye or dental problems
Swelling of salivary glands
A family history of autoimmune disease
A rheumatologist can help distinguish Sjögren’s syndrome from other causes of dryness and joint symptoms.
How Sjögren’s Syndrome Is Diagnosed
Diagnosing Sjögren’s typically requires several steps:
Medical History and Physical Exam: Your provider will ask about symptoms, their duration, and family history of autoimmune disease.
Blood Tests: These may include ANA, SSA/Ro, and SSB/La antibodies, as well as inflammation markers and thyroid or metabolic abnormalities.
Specialized Tests: Depending on symptoms, your provider may recommend:
Schirmer’s test for tear production
Salivary flow measurement
Imaging to evaluate salivary gland inflammation
Lip biopsy to detect immune cells in salivary glands
No single test makes the diagnosis; instead, information from several sources helps confirm the condition.
Sjögren’s Syndrome Treatment Options
While there is no cure, treatment focuses on improving symptoms, protecting moisture-producing glands, and preventing complications.
Your care plan may include:
Artificial tears or prescription eye drops
Medications that stimulate saliva production
Strategies to support moisture in the nose, skin, and mouth
Anti-inflammatory medications for joint discomfort
Immunomodulating therapy for systemic symptoms
Regular dental care to reduce cavities and oral infections
Treatment is personalized based on your symptoms, their severity, and any other autoimmune conditions you may have.
Get Personalized Care for Sjögren’s Syndrome at Remedy Rheumatology
If you’re noticing symptoms such as dryness, fatigue, joint discomfort, or swelling, a rheumatology evaluation can help provide clarity. At Remedy Rheumatology, we offer comprehensive, evidence-based care for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, including Sjögren’s syndrome.
Schedule a consultation to understand your symptoms better and explore treatment options that support long-term comfort and health. Our team provides ongoing support and personalized care for individuals living with autoimmune conditions.